Bødker, S. (1996). Creating conditions for participation - Conflicts and resources in systems development. Human-Computer Interaction, 11(3), 215-236. (edit)

Problems with participatory design include:

• Results obtained from the core participant groups are not disseminated to other stakeholders
• Participatory design efforts lack continuity
• Management overrules participatory design decisions
• Participants are not sufficiently compensated
• Potential participants are not sufficiently supported (resourced) to become participants through stated measures or processes.

Historically, design method have shifted from (p. 220):

1. traditional non-participatory design
2. participatory, experience-based design, and
3. participatory, experience-based design, partly appying and tailoring standard technologies with experimental "pilot" groups.